Does planting prairie vegetation affect earthworm populations in the urban landscape? Although earthworms represent only one type of soil macrofauna, they play a critical role in soil nutrient cycling and soil structural development. We examined earthworm numbers and community structure beneath two vegetation types (prairie and turf grass) in residential yards in Madison, WI. We expected increased numbers of earthworms beneath prairie vegetation relative to traditional turf grass because prairie gardens offer greater diversity and availability of plant biomass. We also expected seasonal differences in earthworm community structure (e.g., adults versus juveniles, pigmentation, and length) due to belowground differences in plant biomass. Although the total number of earthworms did not differ by vegetation type in the fall (p = 0.25), soil beneath prairie vegetation contained smaller, non-pigmented earthworms relative to adjacent turf grass lawns. We expect an overall increase in the number of adult earthworms in the spring relative to the fall, as well as a continuation of trends in earthworm community structure between prairie gardens and lawn. The results of this spring sampling and analysis will be presented, as well as an analysis of the potential impact of this important macrofauna on enhancing soil structure in urban soil.